Microwave power transmission using rectenna

zap post transmission victimization rectenna glommicrowave anatomyer transmission development rectennaA high effectual rectanna was use and tested at 5.8GHz frequence, which is use to role up applications. speckle approach use with a depressive dis hostelry return small-scale off-key in ADS. The micro-strip spotlight is a trusty practice for manu featureuring somatic forward outstrip, as it go forth be open to fabricate. The invented turn advance bewilder been employed in a 22 and 14 angulate transmitting aerial array so that the authority and gain tar buy the farm be profit. The secret plan overture captures the RF signal and thusly execute through 50 ohm pass ask out into the lower-ranking pass slobber and then into the rectifying tour magnanimous DC supply. A low pass separate at 5.8 GHz was constructed. The semiconductor rectifying tube utilise for the rectifying rotary is HSMS 2862 or HSMS 2080 schottky. A equation analysis has bee n done between unalike externalises of transmitting aerial. The results comp bed and trump out likely DC voltage was achieved in ADS simulation.ADS results achieved by simulating the conceptions for advances, low pass filters and rectifying circuits were efficient. The designs were become. The result generated from the physical antenna and the simulation is studied.Chapter 11 unveilingAs the use science is growing the world is now moving toward receiving set force-out. We whoremaster peck that now days e reallyone prefers to use a radio cabbage or a wireless headphone. The use of batteries dissolve make this possible nevertheless the occupation is that too m all batteries are being use and in that location has to be a way by which these applications preempt run wirelessly and the best liaison would be if the batteries were not apply. How flowerpot this be possible? This is the problem which we result try to solve in the design. The rectanna utilize give a lter the RF provide into dc signal and instead of batteries the application result suck up a rectanna to produce the power. Therefore we volition piddle a true wireless dodge, which has no wires and no batteries. Although we build to agree that whitethorn be so power pass oning not be produced by these rectanna merely still as the applied science increase, the rectanna manufacturing will also be improved.The raillery rectenna as we know today was initiative introduced by embrown 4. The basic concept of rectanna is a rectifying antenna. In some other word an antenna which will be employ for receiving RF signal and a rectifying circuit which is used to give out us DC power. Personally I view rectanna as a wireless battery, which is a real sedate device.Wireless power transmission (WPT) nooky be viewed as an galvanising grid which generates power. WPT is the technology which is used for wireless transmission of power, this will be used in future for solar power sa tellites 4. Let me rationalize the concept in detail. As the satellites are orbiting around the earth 24 hour and the satellites contain the capability to convert the solar power into RF signals and then beam those RF signal to the earth. Array of antennas will be used to capture those RF signals and the rectifying circuits to convert those into DC power. If sufficient sum up of array antennas are used, a lot of power bunghole be produced. The electrical power station would be viewed as RECTANNA stations where RF signal would be converted into DC power.1.1 History of Microwave world-beater TransmissionTesla was the first of all person who introduced the approximation of wireless power transmission. Tesla was not able to produce power with the RF signal because the transmitted power got diffused in all the direction with 140 KHz receiving set signal 4.The problem faced by Tesla was overcome, by the fact that higher(prenominal) RF frequency has greater directivity and so the p ower keister be transmitted in a particular direction. Radar technology used in world-war 2 was also very helpful in advancing the growth of wireless power. In the early 1960s W.C. brownness used that latest technology to produce wireless power for the first clock. The word Rectanna which we use today was first developed by W.C. Brown. He used an antenna with a rectifying circuit to produce power. The conversion was very good. Based on browns research score, where P.E. Glaser in 1968 introduced a solar power satellite 4 3.1.2 ObjectivesThe object of this thesis is to design a rectanna which will be able to meet microwave strength at 5.8 GHz and then converting that signal to DC power. This thesis will also help to win a new ways of exploring energy resources.A secondary fair game is to reduce the return losses so that maximal payoff bath be achieved.A comparison analysis is done between serial and parallel configuration of the 5.8 gigacycle per second antenna.1.2.1 Scop e of thesisPerform a good and comprehensive literature review so that all the concepts of RF electronics could be understood.Understand different antenna designs and test them to get the best possible result.Simulating and creating a functional micro-strip pip antenna design suitable for the rectenna frequency of surgical operation of 5.8 GHz. bearinging, simulating and creating the rectifier circuit.1.3 Thesis Out distri andion channelThe thesis was completed in twain semesters. Each a certain number task must be completed.Semester 1 Involves literature review of spotting antenna, low pass filter and rectifier. The array of antenna design will also be interpreted under consideration and will be tested and simulated in ADS software and a proto symbol of 44 circular and triangular berth antenna will be build for testing purpose.Semester IIntroduction to the topicFinding the research papers and resourcesLiterature reviewDesign proposalSimulation in ADSOperational system in ADS figure for testingSemester 2 The second semester was utilized to make better designs and operation of antennas. Rectifying circuit will be improved as well. An application will be tested, so that the patch antenna potentiometer be used to power a small application.Semester IITweaking of the designMaking system efficientMeasurements and resultsComparison analysis of designDocumentation and final paperChapter 22 Introduction To Literature Review This fraction out cable lengths skeleton theory of micro-strip patch antennas .. The library resources were used extensively and the journals related to the power transmission using rectanna were studied in detail. The articles were used to get thinker about the design as well as methods of adapting the microwave techniques.2.1 pauperizationThe possibility of murderring power wirelessly can open up infinite applications. The fact that wireless application will not be powered by the batteries but instead use RF signal to generate the pow er is so duplicateordinary that everyone would want to be a part of the technology.The idea of using the solar space satellites to create power is not very new. It was first presented in 1968 by Peter E. Glaser 4 3.The area of wireless power is not only limited to power generation by satellites but in fact it can be used in day-to-day electronics, such as a wireless headphone, wireless keyboard, wireless mouse and even in wireless small motors. This research will give me a glimpse of future technologies that lies ahead of us.2.2 What I Want to fall uponAt the end of this thesis I hope to have a rectenna which will convert RF signals into DC power and that DC power will be used for any selected application.2.3 Important Points About transmitting aerialAn antenna is device which is make so that it can radiate and receive radiating power from the electromagnetic wave. There are some Copernican points that we neediness to know about antenna before proceeding towards the primary(p renominal) antenna design.2.3.1 antenna gain The ratio of input power to the payoff power is called antenna gain.2.3.2 Directivity The property of antenna to radiate electromagnetic waves in a particular direction is called directivity. If the electromagnetic waves are pure in a particular direction then we can that antenna has good directivity. Directivity and gain are related to each other by the following formula. Gain = efficiency/Directivity.2.3.3 Polarization The phenomena of polarization can be understand as the orientation of electromagnetic waves at set from the source. The polarization types have been fork over in the table below.2.3.4 Impedance duplicate The energy transfer can only be possible if the antenna and the transmission retraces are matched. Typically 50 ohm resistivity is used for the radio. If the antenna is not match then the input power or the output power will be reflected back. As a result power will be lost and desired results will not be achieve d.2.3.5 VSWR and the Reflected power of antenna The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a parameter, which tells us that how good the impedance match is done. A VSWR of 21 is considered good. Most of the antennas which are built have a VSWR of 1.51.Chapter 33 Rectenna design3.1 Introduction to rectennaThe to a higher place diagram shows a basic design of a rectanna. The antenna receives the RF signals. The signal is passed to the low pass filter by a transmission line which has an impedance of 50 ohm. The low pass filter will filter the desired frequency so that unwanted frequency does not go through the rectifying circuit. The low pass filter is also used to stop the harmonics reflected back from the crystal rectifier. The rectifying circuit is used in double configuration. The double configuration is used so that maximum RF signal can be converted into DC power. Schottky rectifying tubes will be used in the rectification process as they have low voltage drop across it.The ove rall efficiency of the rectanna can be determined by ?= PdcPinc, Pdc is the DC output power. Pinc is the Incident RF power3.2 Operating frequencyThe most common frequency used is 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. The directivity of antenna is more at 5.8GHz. Over all a lot of applications are available at these frequencies.3.3 Substrate MaterialTaconic TLX-0 was used for the physical design of the antennas. It has the following propertiesH = 0.787 mm( blossom)T = 17 mer= 2.45TanD = 0.0019Taconic TLX-0 laminate are low loss antennas.83.4 Design SpecificationsChapter 44 Array Antennas and Design4.1 Introduction to Array Antennas and DesignIn this section is related with the antenna design in detail and the array antenna design for achieving greater power.4.2 Micro-strip Patch AntennaThe patch antenna is triangular. It has 3 bottoms. The bottom layer is the ground, middle is the dielectric substrate and the upper layer which is made up of copper or gold.As you can fulfil in the figure, the 3 laye r are shown. The patch antenna radiates because of the fringing palm between the ground and the patch. For good performance the thick dielectric should be used with a low dielectric perpetual 13. As the design does not allow us to use a thick dielectric, other the size of the antenna would be very big, so in our design a thin dielectric with high dielectric constant would be used.A micro strip antenna has some advantages and some drawback. several(prenominal) of the advantages and drawbacks are stipulation over in the table.ADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP antennaLight weight and have low volume with low profile.Fabrication cost is low, easily manufactured in big quantities.Circular and Linear polarizations can be made in them.Dual frequency and dual-polarization is also possible with this.Microwave unified circuits can be integrated with them as well.The antenna structure can be fabricated with hold lines and matching ne bothrks within.Figure 7 Advantages of microstripDISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNABandwidth Narrow junior-gradeer gainLarge losses with the feed structure.Cannot be high power handling capacityFigure 8 Disadvantages of microstrip4.3 Feed TechniqueThere are two types of eating techniquesContacting In this type feed network the RF signal is feed directly into the patch antenna.Non contacting In this configuration electromagnetic work coupling occurs due to transfer of energy between the line of mirco-strip and the patch.4.3.1 Micro-strip Line FeedAs you can try in the figure the simplest way of having a feed line is to attach a transmission line feed with the edge of the antenna. This feed line technique is very useful as the feed line and the antenna are both on the aforementioned(prenominal) plane. The structure is on the same surface and area is also reduced. It has a better utility(prenominal) as now the antenna (with the feed line) can be place in numerous applications.The thickness of the feed line determines the impedance of the l ine.4.4 compendium4.4.1 Triangular patch antenna As we know that lots of work have been on rectangular patch antennas and the circular patch but for my design I will be using a triangular patch so that the radiation pattern and the return losses can be studied. The size of the triangular patch is smaller than the rectangular patch, so a practically more efficient design. The design formulas are, in the afterward sections of the report.4.4.2 Design specifications4.4.2.1 TRANMISSION LINE MODEL In my design I have used the transmission line model to develop the concepts and theory seat the triangular patch antennas the equilateral triangular patch was also design using the transmission model.Resonant frequencyThe resonant frequency is given by 14fr=ckmn2pEr =2c3aEr(m2 +mn+n2)1/2 1In the preceding(prenominal) equation c is the velocity of the light in the free space. Er is the dielectric constant and K(mn) are the different modes of harmonic order. The lowest order resonant frequen cy given by 14fr=2c 3aEr2The effect of fringing sector was not consideration in the above equation. The fringing field occurs at the antenna patch edge. In our case the fringing field will occur at the edge sides of the equilateral trislant. The fringing handle are depended on the physical prop of the triangular patch and the height of the substrate material. The figure below shows the field lines of a micro-strip antenna. The maximum amount of field lines are going into the substrate and some of them are in the air. The side of a patch is increased due to the fringing field effect. The side length of a triangular patch antenna will no longer will be the same as we have to take account of the effective dielectric constant Ee. The modified equations are given below.The equation above does not take given very ideal results, as it does not consider the fringing fields produced by the antennas. The Er in equation (1) and (2) can be replaced by effective dielectric constant. The die lectric constant given by 14Ee=Er+12+Er-14(1+12h/a)-12 3Similarly the a can be replaced by aeff (effective). The value of the aeff (effective) given by 14aeff=a+hEr -4Where h is the height of the materialThus equation 2 can be replaced with the effective value of aeff and Ee giving us the final equation given by 14fr=2c 3aeffEe54.4.3 Excitation technique4.4.3.1 Micro-strip feedThe location of feed point is determined according to proportion of the antenna. Once we have reckon the accurate dimension of the antenna then we have to connect it with a 50ohm transmission line. In my design I will be using the center fed for the patch antenna. There are two ways to do this. The first is using a keister wave transformer and the 2nd is to use the inclose model.4.4.3.2 INSET MODELA triangular patch antenna was designed using the gusset model. The advantage of using the inset model is that the size of the antenna reduces as compared to the quarter wave transformer design 14.The length of t he triangular patch is d. the length of transmission patch is l and the width of the transmission patch is w. the width and length of transmission patch if design do that a 50ohm impedance can be achieved.4.4.3.3 suck Wavelength TransformerThe quarter wave transformer is a system which is used to match the impedance. As we know that the resistance Rin of the antenna will not matched with the feed line which has a impedance of 50 ohm. A formula is used to purpose the impedance of the quarter wave transformer.4.5 Antenna designThe calculation for different antennas was designed in ADS. And the result will be shown in much detail the later sections of the report. The operating frequency is 5.8GHz. The result show in the table below is for triangular patch.4.6 Introduction to Array theoryThe course of the system can be increased by array of antennas which are working together and the focus of the reception or transmission of energy also increase in a particular direction10.The antenn a in an array can be manufactured on a micro-strip with a feed network and a power divider. There are two kinds of feed network in array antennas whizz line( series feed network) sixfold feed networkThe series-feed network in an array of antennas is limited with a fixed beam13. We can percolate that series feed is easy to manufacture as it has the same configuration which repeats. There is a major disadvantage, any change to a single element can affect the remain elements.The antenna elements are fed by a 1 to N (in corporate network).The power divider network has a identical cartroad lengths to all the elements, from the feed point 13. The phase of the element can be controlled in the corporate network with the help of phase shifters. Amplifier can be used to fix the amplitude 13.4.6.1 The Array FactorThe array means depends onNumber of elementsElement spacingsAmplitudeExcitation phase which is applied to each elements within the array4.6.2 Array designAs we see in the previous section that that array design is deeply stirred by the element of spacing, so for 5.8 GHZ antenna the wavelength is 51.72mm, based on these factors the element spacing for 5.8GHZ antenna the element spacing should be 38.79mm.We can see that the element spacing is 0.75 % of the given wavelength.As we can see in the below figure that the quarter transformer is matched with antenna which has a impedance of 100ohm. The 100ohm line are combine together and gives a resulting impedance of 50ohm at the meeting point of the line. In the last the two 100ohm lines are combined to give a 50ohm impedance which is same for a feed line.4.6.3 Metering of CornersIn our design we are using a microstrip. So with the mircostrip antennas, the 90% angle at any corner can cause large reflectance from the 90% degree angle. So a smooth edge has to be made, so that there are no musing losses. To reduce the reflection factor the edges are metered at the corner so that there is a smooth flow of current. A equation can be used to metered the corners which is given by the equation below.4.7 Simulation results in ADS4.7.1 Single triangular patch4.7.1.1 Single triangular patch 4.7.2 Single patch with inset model4.7.2.1 Single patch with inset model4.7.3 2X2 triangular patch with inset model4.7.4 14 linear triangular patch4.7.5 Single patch with quarter wave transformer4.7.6 22 triangular patch with quarter wave transformerCHAPTER- 5LOW PASS FILTER5 Low Pass Filter5.1 Introduction to low pass filterIn this chapter we will discuss the low pass filter and why is it eventful for the rectanna design. The techniques which will be used and calculation used to make a low pass filter. The results which are calculated by the ADS calculation will also be show in this section.5.2 Theory behind LPFThe antennas which were designed in the previous section was for 5.8Ghz but still some extra frequencies have to be filtered. The rectifying circuit also cause reflection from the first harmonics. To sto p those reflection from the diode, LPF is used. LPF is extensional for the design as it can increase the power of the antenna. The LPF block the signal coming back from the diode and so the phenomena of re-radiation does not occur.The LPF is usually designed for the lower frequencies. We can use lamped dowery for the design but there is a problem with that. The lamped broker can also cause reflection, so SMT components should be used to avoid the reflections from the inductor or the resistors.There is another good way, instead of using lumped component, the LPF can also be designed on the same transmission line by using Richard transmission. I think it would be the best thing for our design because then we would be able to make the design on the same surface. The whole design would have the same physical weapons platform and planer surface can be achieved.There are two kinds of low pass filter which we can use in our design. have-to doe with rippleMaximum flat5.3 LPF DesignThe f ilter can be designed by using Richardson method from chapter of Micro-wave engineering by david pozar9.We have to get the values from the table then Richard transformation is used to get the series inductors and the stub used and the shunt electrical capacitys to shunt stubs. For Richard ?/8 at ?= ?C. Then the 2nd step would be to use the kuroda identity to series stub and shunt stubs. For the frequency of ?/8 at 2.45 GHz) and (?/8 at 5.8 GHz) we need to apply the impedance and the frequency scaling to get the accurate value.5.3.1 Equal ripple low pass filter5.3.2 Maximum low pass filter5.4 Simulation results from ADS5.5 LPF AT 5.8GHZ5.5.1 LFP EQUAL RIPPLE (5.8GHZ)5.5.2 LPF gunk FLAT(5.8GHZ)CHAPTER 66 RECTIFYING CIRCUIT FOR RECTENNA6.1 INTRODUCTION TO RECTIFYING CIRCUIT FOR RECTENNAThe final dot of the rectenna design is the rectanna which actually converts the RF signal into the DC voltage. As the diode has its own impedance so we have to match the impedance of the rectifying c ircuit as well. The method by which the impedance was match and the results obtained from the ADS simulation will be looked.6.2 Single Rectifier designThe single diode configuration is very easy to understand. In the positive wave of the AC signal the diode d5 is forward biased and the capacitor is being charged. When the negative wave come, the diode is reverse biased and no current crosses the diode and at that time the capacitor is providing the voltage. As the capacitor is providing the voltage we have small ripples in the simulation and in practical applications.6.3 Single voltage quadruplerThe quadrapler provides 4 quantify the voltage as campared to the single rectifying circuit. The configuration is easy to fabricate and easy to understand. In the positive cycles/second the 2nd diode and the 4th diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor c4 and c1 to be charged. In the negative cycle the 1st and the 3rd diode are reversed biased and the capacitor c3 and c2 are being ch arged. The 4 capacitor voltages adds up before the resistor, giving us four times the voltage at the resistor.6.4 Four 5.8 gigacycle with quadraupler in parallel configurationIn this design we have once more used a quatrupler configuration bt this time we are using 4 sources in parallel with each other. The four parallel source were used to replicate the design, when 4 parallel antennas are used and then feeding into a single quadrupler rectifier configuration. The results are show below.6.5 Four 5.8 ghz with four individual quadraupler rectifier in parallel configurationThe difference between the above design and this design is that, this time individual rectifier is being used with a single 5.8ghz source. The configuration is used in parallel combination.6.6 Four 5.8 ghz with quadraupler in series configuration In the design below a series combination was used. Four 5.8ghz source which is acting like a 5.8ghz patch antenna are configured in series conbination. The output from th e source is then feed into the voltage quadrupler. The results are shown below.6.7 HSMS 2862k Diode parametersChapter 77 Conversion efficiency7.1 Introduction to Conversion efficiencyThe design with different configuration was tested in ADS simulation. Now we have to feed towards the physical antennas and we need to determine how we can mearsure the efficiency of a rectanna. When the antenna designs are manufactured we will tested the parrallel combination with the series combination.We will be comparing two designs.14 array of antenna22 array of antennaChapter 88 Complete Rectenna designIn this section we will see the complete rectanna design on a single surface. Which means that the low pass filter and the rectifying circuit will be on the same surface as that of the array antennasThe dimension and the simulated results of all the component were shown in the above sections of the report.Chapter 99 CONCLUSIONAs we have seen that all the design of the antennas and the other compone nt were tested at maximum in ADS and the results obtained from the ADS simulation shows that we are on the right track and we will be cable of manufacture a good efficient antenna is the next semester. The antenna will be able to convert the RF signal in DC power.The low pass filters were designed and we saw that the equal ripple filter show a much better results and so we will be using that with our design. The rectifying circuit were build and tested and a practical results show that we need a minimum of 3dbm power, so that the SMT led can be glum ON.In the future a 5.8 ghz antenna with array of 22 and 14 will be made. The simulation of 22 and 14 antenna array is already done in ADS. The designs are ready for manufacturing.9.1 mental image and gerber Files for Manufacturing10 AppendixReferencesJ.O. McSpaden J.C. Mnakins, solar power programs and MWP(micro wave wireless power), IEEE Micro, volume. 3, number. 4, pages. 46-57, declination 2002J.A. Hagerty and Z.Popovic, experimen tal results of a broad band arbitrarily polarized antenna, lay out in IEEE MTT-S Int. Moscow Sym. Dig., May 2001, volume 3.,pages 1855-1858D.G.Guha, Y.M.Antar and J.Y. Siddiqui and M. Biswas Resonanting resistance for microstrip-line-fed for a circular-micro-strip patches Ieee Proc Microw. Antennas Propagation found in volume 152, Number 6, Dec 2005W C. brown, history of wireless power transmisson IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1983Wireless-Power-Transmission(WPT) for the use of solar Power Satellite found at site www.sspi.gatech.edu (Accessed 13th June 2008)R.P. Jedelika, metrical mutal coupling between antennas and the patch antennas, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Prop., pp. 147-149 Jan. 1981Change, K. Radio frequency and Microwave Wireless Systems by conjuring trick Wiley and Sons, Inc 2000Taconic material TLX-0 Data Sheet TACONIC move on Dielectric DivisionDavid, M. P. Microwave Engineering, second edition by John Wiley and Sons, Inc 1998Chang.K. Radi o Frequnecy and Micro-wave power wireless wystems, Chapter 3 to Chapter 4 Antenna Systems by John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2000Kai.chang,RF and microwave wiresless system chapter.3 pp 89-98. 2000I. J. Bahle and P. Bhartia, Microstrip patch Antennas, Artech House Inc, Dedham, MA 1980Balanise, C.A Antenna Theory and Analysis for Design by Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New tee shirt 2005I. J. Bahle and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas, Artech House Inc, Dedham, MA 1980Matsumoto. H Shinohara. N, study on array of antennas for wireless power transmission IEEE, volume. 46, number. 3, 1998Bhartia, B. Roa and K.V.S. Tomar, R.S. Millimeter-Wave Microstripe for Printed Circuit and Antennas Arteche House, Inc, United States of America, 1991